Emotional Regulation Conflict Management Style in Students

Emotional Regulation Conflict Management Style in Students Abstract EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS M. VIJAY * S. KADHIRAVAN ** Research scholar Research supervisor This study examines about university students’ emotional regulation and conflict management style on the basis of demographic variables such as, stream of study, year of study and type of family. The researcher has employed the descriptive survey method for this study and the sample was carried from university students in Salem. The sample size is N=93, and‘t’ test, Pearson’s r and ANOVA were used and the data was analyzed through SPSS.V.22. This study reveals that students from arts and science background haven’t differed in their emotional regulation, first and final year students have partially differed in their emotional regulation than their conflict management style and finally students from nuclear family background have partially differed in their emotional regulation than the counterpart. The study concludes that, emotional regulation partially correlated with conflict management style at 0.05 levels. Key words: Emotional regulation, Conflict management style. INTRODUCTION Students are come across from many events in their life. Perhaps, events are generates some emotional reactions; those reactions invite either positive or negative consequences. Emotions are complex reaction that would not raise isolate, it is involved with internal subjective feelings and as well as influence of socio-cultural factors. When separating the problem students have different opinions, creative thoughts, skills, and values to directing the goals. In these context, when the person wants engaging an activity that is incongruent with his/her interest or needs lead to disagreement. An even disagreement produces some emotional reaction. In these contexts emotional regulation help to cope students’ emotional reaction, which means, it deal with any coping strategy used by the individual when deal with an unnecessary thoughts, feelings and emotions. In order to use managing conflict style also helps to coping their incongruent conflict issues in good manner. EMOTIONAL REGULATION In the stage of adolescence to adulthood is a major obstacle to move up for everyone because, in these stage people are inviting many commitments for showing their values in the social system.Through inviting more commitments people are experiencing emotional events. In these context, emotional regulation help to cope their emotion in wider perspective. Emotional regulation refers to extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for observing, assessing and modifying emotional reactions, in particular their exhaustive and temporal features toachieve one’s own goals Thompson (1994). Emotional regulation is a coping mechanism, it is concerned with emotions context whatever people areraised. There are two specific strategies often involving to regulate people emotions effectively, such as, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal strategies deal with cognitive changes such as thinking, feeling, creating new ideas to interpreting emotional stimulus w hich means it involves recognition of the individual’s negative emotional response and reinterpretation of the situation by exchanging the negative thoughts to increasing positive thoughts. Expressive suppression also involves emotional regulation, it means, person’s knowledge about the causes of emotion that inhibiting ongoing emotional expressive behavior. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE When students are require to perform some activity that is incongruent with their interest leads disagreement. According to Rahim (1992) Conflict is an interactive process that manifested in incompatibility, disagreement or dissonance within or social entities. Conflict management refers to minimizing the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict with the goal of improving learning in an organization. (Rahim, 2002).Conflict management helps to recognize, cope and to direct the conflict from negative aspect to positive manner. Rahim (1979) who psychologist, conceptualized five different conflict management styles to cope students’ conflict situation in an effective mode, there are, (I) integrating style, which involves high concern for self and others., (II) obliging style, it involves person who concerning low level for their own self and concerning high level for others, (III) dominating style, it involving high level of concern for their ow n self and as well low level of concern for others, (IV) avoiding style involves low level of concern for their own and also others and (V) compromising style involves equal concern for own and others. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of literature in the research study helps researcher to gain some knowledge and insight in to the purpose and the result of the study. Studies on emotional regulation and conflict management style are given below. Ahmet yigit and ahmwtozpolat (2014) conducted research on emotional regulation strategies as a predictor of life satisfaction of university students based on parent profession, income level and educational background. They found cognitive reappraisal strategy directly predict life satisfaction of parent profession, income level and educational background. Gulcimenyurtsever (2014) investigated negotiator profit predicated by cognitive reappraisal, suppression of emotions, and misrepresentation of information and tolerance of ambiguity among undergraduate students. The result reveled that negative coefficients were obtained from scored between emotional reaction and cognitive reappraisal and tolerance of ambiguity. PiiaNaykki and SannaJarvela (2014) examined socio-emotional conflict in collaborative learning of higher education context. Collaborative work of higher education students was followed during a three month course. The result indicate that has students are more experienced in socio-emotional challenges and adopt avoidance-focused emotion regulation behavior and to lower their on task engagement. Jianzhongxu (2013) conducted research on individual and group level factors for students’ emotion management in online collaborative group work in united state. The researcher found that, emotion management in group work was positively related to feed back, learning oriented reasons, arranging the environment. In addition compared with part-time students, fulltime students were more initiative in managing their emotions with doing online group work. Nicole M. Monteiro and Shyngle K (2014) examined the emotion regulation of coping strategies among university students in Botswana. The result indicate that students’ emotional suppression was positively correlated with problem solving, cognitive restructuring, expressing emotion, social support, problem avoidance and wishful thinking coping strategies. Ishfaq Ahmed and Muhammad (2010) studied about personality does affect conflict handling style among college students. The researchers’ found that personality affects avoiding and competing style of conflict management style. Hidetomorita (2003) investigated conflict management style of American and Japanese with close friendships among college students. He found that dominating and obliging style of conflict management often by American students than Japanese. Hossein Khanaki (2010) examined conflict management style among engineering students and experience engineers from Iran. The result reveled that experience engineers often prefer to avoid conflict management style and similarly both of them generally showed a lack of inters in competing style. Joanne C.Y. Chan (2014) examined conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and implicit theory of personality of nursing students. The researcher found that students often used obliging and integrating style than dominating style conflict management style for clinical supervisions. Eunjookim and ayano Yamaguchi (2014) investigated the effects of taking conflict personality on conflict management style across culture among undergraduate students. The researchers’ found that taking conflict personality indicated positive relation with participant’s conflict management style. Sehrish Hassan and Muhammad (2015) examined the relationship between conflict management, social support among university students in Pakistan. The result found that social support was not significantly correlated with conflict management styles and female students’ social support shown higher than males’. Tong Yu and guo-mingchen (2008) investigated intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in cross-cultural organizational situations among university students. The result revealed that moderate relationship between the two concepts and among respective dimensions. On above related literature provides detail knowledge about present status of emotional regulation and conflict management style. The researcher examines the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style among university students with the help of previous related literature knowledge. NEED FOR THE STUDY Emotions are develops throughout the life span. It does not arise in isolation; it is a combination of cognitive, behavioral and socio-cultural influences. Every student were experienced by emotional and conflict events, but they know how, where and which type of decision would aid to solve the problem. In these situations, emotional regulation and conflict management style would help to handle students’ problems in good manner. This study would help to examine the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style of university students’. HYPOTHESES Emotional regulation will be correlate with conflict management style of university students. Students from arts and science will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation. Students from first and final year will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation and as well as conflict management style. Students from nuclear and joint family will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher has used descriptive survey method for this study. This study analyzes the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style of university students. The researcher has exploit incidental sampling method for select the participant in university. Students from first and final year were selected as a sample for this study. The data were collected from 160 students and finally only N=93 were selected for this study and also remaining data was eliminated on the consideration of spurious data. Emotional regulation questionnaire (ERQ) by Gross and john (2003) and conflict management style by Johnson (1990) were used for this study. The selected data were scored as per the scoring norms and also analyzed with the help of SPSS V-22. The data was in additionally promote to classified on the basis of stream of study [arts= 40; science = 53], year of study [first=59; final = 34] and the type of family [nuclear = 66; joint 27]. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table-1 shows the difference between arts and science students in their emotional regulation. Table-1 From the table-1 it is found that the ‘t’ values are not significant for any one of the facet of emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is not accepted. It is concluded that students from arts and science stream did not differ in their emotional regulation. Table-2 shows the difference between first and final year students in their emotional regulation. Table-2 From the table-2 it is observed that the t-values are significant for cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppression facet. It is indicate that first year students are often using their cognitive reappraisal strategies in their emotional regulation than final year students. First and final year students are significantly differ in their emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is accepted. Table-2.1 shows the difference between first and final year students in their conflict management style. Tabe-2.1 From the table-2.1 it is found that the t-values are not significant in none of the dimension of conflict management style.Hence the hypothesis is not accepted for conflict management style, but this hypothesis is accepted for emotional regulation. In general, it is concluded that the first and final year university students are differ in their emotional regulation than their conflict management style. Table-3 shows the difference between nuclear and joint family students in their emotional regulation Table-3 From the table-3 it is observed that the t-values are significant for cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppression facet on the basis of students’ type of family. The table indicates that students from nuclear families are often used their cognitive reappraisal strategies in their emotional regulation rather than expressive suppression strategies. In general students from nuclear and joint families are partially differing in their emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is accepted. Table-4: Shows the correlation between emotional regulation and conflict management styles of university students. Table-1 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). From Table-4 it is found that the students’ emotional regulation is partially correlated with conflict management style. There are two strategies specifically involving in emotional regulation such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, this table shows that cognitive reappraisal facet is significantly correlated with collaborating style of conflict management style at the level of 0.05 (2-tailed). Cognitive reappraisal facet deals with person’s cognitive changes, such as, thinking, feeling, creating new ideas to interpreting emotional stimulus which means it involves recognition of the individual’s negative emotional response and reinterpretation of the situation by exchanging the negative thoughts to increasing positive thoughts. In addition collaborating style indicates that person’s high level of assertiveness and cooperation, it also attempts to provide the best solutions in conflict situation. In other hand, expressive suppression facet did not correlate with any dimension of conflict management style of university students. It indicates that university students are often using cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppressive suppression. In general students’ emotional regulation and conflict management styles are significantly correlates at the level of 0.05. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. CONCLUSSION Table-1 shows university students’ emotional regulations do not significantly differ in their basis of stream of study. Table-2 shows university students’ emotional regulation differences on the basis of year of study. First and final year students are significantly differ in their cognitive reappraisal facet than expressive suppression facet, and table-2.1 shows the difference about students’ conflict management style on the basis of year of study. It shows students from first and final year do not differs in their conflict management style. In addition table-3 shows the students’ differences on the basis of type of family in their emotional regulation.Table-4 shows university students’ emotional regulation strategies partially correlated with collaborating style of conflict management style. From the discussion we conclude that, students from nuclear and joint families are partially differing in their emotional regulation. In general, over all fin dings shows university students’ emotional regulation are partially correlated with conflict management style, and the study conclude that university students’ emotional regulation positively correlated with conflict management style. REFERENCES Chan, J. C., Sit, E. N., and Lau, W. M. (2014). Conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and implicit theories of personality of nursing students: a cross-sectional study.Nurse education today,34(6), 934-939. joo Kim, E., Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M. S., and Miyahara, A. (2015). Effects of taking conflict personally on conflict management styles across cultures. Personality and Individual Differences,72, 143-149. Hassan, S., Aqeel, M., and Hussain, W. (2015). The relationship between conflict management and social support among university students. Yu, T., Chen, G. M. (2008). Intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in cross-cultural organizational situations. Ulcimen Yurtsever (2008). Negotiators profit predicate by cognitive reappraisal, suppression of emotions, misrepresentation of information, and tolerance of ambiguity. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Vol 106, Issue, pp. 590-608. Scott, J. P., DiLillo, D., and Watkins, L. (2015). Negative urgency and emotion regulation strategy use: associations with displaced aggression.Aggressive behavior. March2015. Yigit, A., Ozpolat, A. R., and Kandemir, M. (2014). Emotion regulation strategies as a predictor of life satisfaction in university students.Journal of Psychology,2014. Vol.5. (2014). Monteiro, N. M., Balogun, S. K., and Oratile, K. N. (2014). Managing stress: the influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping among university students in Botswana.International journal of adolescence and youth, Vol19(2), 2014. NÃ ¤ykki, P., Jarvela, S., Kirschner, P. A., and Jarvenoja, H. (2014). Socio-emotional conflicts in collaborative learning a process-oriented case study in a higher education context.International Journal of Educational Research,68, 1-14. Vol 68, Pages 1–14, 2014. Xu, J., Du, J., and Fan, X. (2013). Individual and group-level factors for students emotion management in online collaborative group work.The internet and higher education, vol19, pages 1-9.

Park Tea Room Essay

Master â€Å"Hally† Harold is the seventeen year old lead of Athol Fugard’s work, a white boy of South African descent, son of his mentor Sam’s employer. Sam is one of two black waiters employed by his family’s business, the St. George’s Park Tea Room. The focus of the play is of the two men’s mutual educating of the other. The younger of the two, Hally takes great pride in his â€Å"educating† Sam on book knowledge, the things that he has learned in reading or the classroom, whereas the elder Sam spends his days educating Hally on the ways of life and the world, showing him how important it is to take pride in oneself and the things that can be accomplished by your own hands. Hally has been caught in a dastardly position being a young man desperately in search of his place in this world as he rapidly approaches manhood, and being the only son of an immensely racist drunkard in the face of South African apartheid. Hally has found himself stuck between the ideologies of his inadequate father and the teachings of his gifted mentor. He battles himself for both loving and being ashamed of his white South African roots and alcoholic father. This play is about the corrosive power and denunciation of racism, ignorance and hatred in a society where those elements are all that surround you. Hally is a very bright young lad torn by his implied societal position and his loyalties to the man whom he feels has afforded him life’s greatest lessons, a black waiter who works for his father, Sam. Hally is a tortured and tormented soul; even the title of the play denotes the societal position of these individuals-Hally is referred to as Master Harold, a seventeen year old boy while Sam and Willie are grown men referred to as boys. The division between the races is clear, there is no â€Å"distortion of the political significance† (Jordan pp. 461) of the setting in which this work takes place, white is better than black and can in no socially significant way be mixed without ill regard. The only comfort to be found in the underlying premise of this work is the fact that Harold does not initially feed into the views of his father and society. He, in the beginning sees what great things he can learn from these black African men and chooses to err on the opposing side of his father’s views of race relations. It is not until Hally begins to feel trapped and cornered by his father’s impending release from the drunkard ward of the local hospital that he slips into the standard ideology of a white male finding his path during South African apartheid. He turns on his mentor, spits in his face and throws a total tantrum because he has not learned how to deal with all the scrapes and cuts that can come of being a man in this world. The introduction of Hally’s drunkard father back into the home is the unadulterated reason for his abruptly abusive and racist behavior toward â€Å"the boys†. His underlying fear is that he won’t be able to stand up for himself and his true beliefs if his father is present. Deep down I don’t feel that Hally believes himself to be any greater or more important than Sam or Willie but he is aware that society feels him to be superior to these two men and that he has yet to find it within him to give his own personal ideals a voice. He has spent all of his life under foot of one of the most racist men in South Africa, yet in the face of that socially and paternally enforced racism Hally has, for the most part, allowed himself to remain open-minded to the gifts and understandings of others, realizing that everyone has something to offer. His father’s hospital stay afforded Hally the time he needed to reflect on his own thoughts to determine what his outlook on this world would be. He was able to live without the weight of race long enough to become comfortable with himself as an individual and the other individuals surrounding him without regard to race or social standing. Being the intelligent lad that he is, he realizes that his father coming home means a lot for the way that he has been living his life, he is inevitably going to have to make some changes; he will either have to change the way that he views the world and begin fully subscribing to his father’s way of thinking, or he will have to find his own manhood and let his father know how he really feels. Hally is a clay chameleon being molded to fit whatever situation he finds himself in; he harbors an immense amount of disgust and disdain for his father and it is apparent at every turn except when he is speaking to his father. When engaging with the patriarch of his family Hally appears loving, caring and compassionate. He does not allow his hatred for his father’s world views to be seen by the man who gave him life, instead he hunts for the underlying love and respect that a son should have for his father as a man, and harnesses that love long enough to engage in an empathetic exchange. The fact that this young man has named the cycle of life the â€Å"principle of perpetual disappointment† speaks volumes of his outlook on the daily affairs of this world. He feels that having his father present in the home will just complicate the lives of everyone else around without justification; his father is just an impediment of unnecessary worth, a hurdle to be overcome if Hally ever desires to see himself find true happiness. As far as Hally is concerned, where reference is made to life being a dance as discussed in the play, it is his thought that no one knows the moves, no one man has all of the steps in order because no one can fully hear the music; as such the voluntary reality that these men discuss throughout the play could never exist. Just the thought of his father coming home changes Harold for the worse. Even in remembering the night that Sam strapped Harold’s father to his back and carried him home from the bar in the rain or the day that Sam took Harold under his wing and taught him not only to ‘fly a kite’ literally but symbolically by spreading his wings as a man and learning to fly on his own. The kite was merely a symbol to teach Harold how important it is to find his own way in this world, not to follow his father’s mind or anyone else’s other than his own. Yet where Sam felt that all these things made he and Harold closer, forging a bond that could not be broken, Hally instead turns on Sam stressing that he no longer refer to him as Hally but as Master Harold, signifying the social position and difference between the two. He does the one thing that Sam would have never expected him to do; he takes the position of the superior being and reduces Sam to a â€Å"nigger† thereby inflicting upon his former mentor an irreversible wound. Hally took his opportunity to put Sam in his place and let him know that no matter what Sam has been to him or done for him and his family over the years that he is not immune to the underlying hatred that erodes the human conscience in instances such as the time period in which this play has been set. Sam tries to make clear the implications of Harold’s actions and stresses the significance of what he has done to him, and their relationship, until the young lad comes to his senses and admits the effect that his love for his father has on him and his behaviors. Hally is fully dependent upon Sam for his understanding of this world because Hally can’t even understand himself. He lashes out at Sam because Sam is the closest person to him and sometimes it’s just easier to hurt the ones you love because you know better what will hurt them than a stranger, but I feel that another reason why he lashed out at Sam in such a way was because beneath it all he knew that Sam could always see his heart and his true intentions. Sam was able to discern and decipher the complex feelings that Hally had for his father and the emotions provoked by the idea of his father’s return. I understand the impressionable minds of youth but this young man is seventeen years old, it is time for him to stop relying on things like his relationship with Sam and to start making a way for himself. In a world full of adults you can’t just act out whenever you want to lashing out at those around you and always expecting people to be as forgiving as Sam was in this instance because it is my thought that the fact of the matter is-Hally was releasing some pinned up thoughts and emotions that he has been harboring, waiting for the day that he could release that portion of his father’s essence which he holds within him. There is no doubt that the relationship previously held between the two has forever been changed. Because he is seventeen years old the world says that it is time for this young lad to become a man, but he is not ready. He’s still relying upon others to tell him what he thinks and how he really feels. If he can’t handle the complexity of his thoughts and emotions for his father how could he ever hope to handle a life out in the world on his own. Harold knows that racism and hatred are wrong, both a lose thread eroding the fabric of life, but that makes no difference to him, when put in a position of discomfort he lashed out at Sam and Willie in the same manner that one would expect of a small child. In his article Boehmer makes it clear how often Fugard uses his main character to bring about the realization of conditions of separateness by shining a light on the trappings of historical pains, that his inevitable alienation has given representation to ordinary lives and not necessarily unique and therefore ‘dramatic’ situations† (Boehmer pp. 165). That is the point which commands emphasis in our analysis because there is nothing particularly special or significant about the setting of this play other than the backdrop of the apartheid era. Without knowledge of this story having taken place during the apartheid era these events could have taken place in any part of the world at any time throughout history. ‘Master Harold’ was no special case; he was a seventeen year old boy like any other seventeen year old boy enthralled in the decision to either follow in his fathers footsteps or to tread his own path. Cummings piece says that Fugards’ work â€Å"dramatizes the racial situation in South Africa† (Cummings pg. 2), this is true insofar as Fugard has taken the apartheid struggle and turned it into a dramatic work, as have many other artists, but not in such a way as for the thoughts or ideas of the characters within the play to have been exaggerated because just like I said, Hally was no special case. There was no need of exaggeration because we see young men like Hally everyday, unsure of themselves or their place in this world, worried that if they make a decision for their life that it may be the wrong one so they choose to sit idly in their comfort zone too afraid to venture into any unfamiliar territory. For Hally it would have been widely unfamiliar for him to stand up to his father and say, ‘thank you father, for giving me life, but my thoughts of this world should be formed of my own volition, not handed down from generation to generation’ and it is until just such young men can do that very thing that the older ideals of racism and hatred will begin to falter. Cummings is right about one thing though, the simplicity of the setting does largely contradict the complexity of the characters (Cummings pg. 2) but I think that it must be understood that if the setting and characters would otherwise be in constant competition with each other and no one would be able to follow the play. The characters are what carry the work. If Hally had no minutiae to set his character apart and was just another seventeen year old lead, there would be nothing pivotal to hold this play together. All the little details are what make these characters so profound and the work of such high quality; it would be a detriment to the production if anyone was to ever tamper with the formula. References Fugard, Athol. â€Å"Master Harold †¦ and the Boys†. New York: Penguin Plays (1982). Boehmer, Elleke. â€Å"Review: Speaking from the Periphery†. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan. , 1989), pp. 161-166. Cummings, Mark. â€Å"Reclaiming the Canon: A World Without Collisions: â€Å" â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the Boys† in the Classroom†. The English Journal, Vol. 78, No. 6 (Oct. , 1989), pp. 71-73. Jordan, John O. â€Å"Life in the Theatre: Autobiography, Politics, and Romance in â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the Boys†. Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 39, No. 4, Athol Fugard Issue (Winter, 1993), pp. 461-472. Solomon, Alisa. â€Å"Review: [untitled]-Reviewed work(s): †¦Master Harold†¦and the Boys by Athol Fugard†. Performing Arts Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1983), pp. 78-83.

What You Need to Do About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Starting in the Next Five Minutes

What You Need to Do About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Starting in the Next Five Minutes The Basics of Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples The variety of grammatical constructions used seems quite great. Unique cultures have their very own traditional styles that they prefer wearing and it's all very unique. In conclusion, manage your time so that you can plan an obvious outline, your principal suggestions and use an assortment of language and accurate structures to collect a succinct argument that fully answers the question. Also, certain kinds of information in the incorrect hands can be devastating for society. If you would like to know specifically where you're going wrong, then you need to explore your work with a seasoned IELTS instructor. If you don't have a friend or relative who can speak English, find someone who can speak English. There are some who start speaking English as if they're in a race. Language is part of every culture. Your academic essay should evoke an emo tion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other sorts of responses. An essay outline is a group of ideas and ideas related to the subject issue. The reality is that YOU DO. The motive of your essay is crucial to be deemed as it can identify whether you're able to be of help to the men and women who want a distinct educational reference. Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples - the Conspiracy Our case it is the way to subscribe to compose an essay. If you think that you have made a strong introduction, you've got to maintain that until the conclusion of your academic essay. There are someA last minute essay writingA activities that are finished in numerous fields especially if students believe an academic essay is simply part of their requirements. Again, examine some of the band essays to view how each how good clearly has one central topic. Again, examine some of the model essays to view how each body paragraph clearly has one central topic. These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types ask you to give certain responses to be sure the question is totally answered. If you wish to make an academic essay that's both outstanding and relevant, always place the items that we've discussed above in mind. Here's What I Know About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Say complete sentences One-word answers don't help you get a great score. Get the IELTS score you have earned. You're just taking the test to show your English proficiency. My online IELTS Writing Practice Test will demonstrate how to improve by an entire band score in only two days. The Basics of Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples By utilizing different techniques of page turn you may also boost your eBook encounter. Describe a tool you are using in your day-to-day life. Using a great deal of a pplication words you don't understand how to use properly could make your writing worse, so be cautious! Some people believe space exploration is a waste of resource while some think. To put it simply, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities you've executed so you can support the content of your written output. Based on the discipline of education where you are in, you want to make certain your readers can observe patterns of evidence presented in order that they can clearly see how you had the ability to generate and produce insights. What You Don't Know About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples The instance is quite vague there is not any reference to a certain train station or how rich men and women could give money to the poor. Hence, it's said, marry for money is right in a point. To a lot of folks, it's appropriate to marry for money instead of love. So, for many, it may appear appropriate to marry for money instead of love. What About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples? Describe a hobby you wish to take up whenever you are much older. Certainly, money has an important role in our lives. Certainly, it is an important part in our lives. The Fight Against Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples All samples are continuously being renewed and correspond to the actual exam sections. You've subscribed successfully. You may unsubscribe at any moment. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! You need to be careful with this essay as although you've got to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the matter, there's a second part to the question that isn't about this. Finding an IELTS band 7 in writing is extremely tough for many students, and many do not understand what the examiner is searching for. You need to try to watch 1 movie each day. Up in Arms About Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples? The opening paragraph has all of the important info about the graph but itparaphrasesthe question. You might have to be talkative and you'll need to engage the examiner into a superior conversation. An academic letter isn't only a document that can showcase your mastery when it has to do with a distinct academic subject. There aren't any correct answers, or so the form of information you provide is your choice. The Ielts Band 7 Essay Samples Cover Up When you have gathered ideas on the subject, you have to properly set your thoughts into words. Freedom of expression and speech is an important portion of the majority of modern societies. Using a lot of new words you don't understand how to use properly could make your writing worse, so be cautious! Only use words you understand how to use properly.

The Lovings v. The State of Virginia - 913 Words

Richard and Mildred Loving were prosecuted on charges of violating the Virginia state’s ban on interracial marriages, the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. The Loving’s violated Virginia law when the couple got married in Washington D.C., June 1958. The couple returns to their home in Central Point, Virginia. In the early morning hours of July 11, 1958, the Loving’s were awakened by local county sheriff and deputies, acting on an anonymous tip, burst into their bedroom. â€Å"Who is this woman you’re sleeping with?† Mrs. Loving answered â€Å"I’m his wife.† Richard Loving pointed to the marriage certificate on the wall. The sheriff responded, â€Å"That’s no good here.† In the initial proceedings presiding Judge Leon M. Bazile, is credit with saying†¦show more content†¦The Fourteenth Amendment requires that the freedom of choice to marry not be restricted by racial discriminations. Under the United States Consti tution, the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual and cannot be infringed by the state (Lexis 10). On June 12, 1967 the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the appellate court, which had affirmed the Loving’s convictions and held upheld the constitutionality of the statutes. The Court rejected the notion that the mere equal application of a statute containing racial classifications was enough to remove the classification from the U.S. Constitution Amendment Fourteen. The amendment proscription of all invidious racial discriminations and held there was no legitimate overriding purpose which justified the classification. The Court found that restricting the freedom to marry solely because of racial classifications violated the central meaning of the Equal Protection Clause and deprived appellants of liberty without due process of law in violation of the Due Process Clause of U.S. Constitution Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Warren delivered the opinion of the Court. â€Å"This case presents a constitutional question never addressed by this Court: whether a statutory schemeShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court Case Loving V. Virginia1609 Words   |  7 Pages1958 Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving went to Washington D.C. to get married and they went back to Virginia a few days later. But because Mildred was of African-American and Native American decent, and Richard was white they were arrested for violating the state law that prohibits interracial marriage. At the time, Virginia was one of 17 states, including Texas and Alabama, that had laws prohibiting interracial marriage (Wolfe). The Supreme Court Case Loving v. Virginia is an important of part of AmericanRead MoreLoving V. Virginia, Introduction, Facts, Legal Background1567 Words   |  7 PagesLoving v. Virginia Interracial marriage: Respecting the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. I. INTRODUCTION This case note will examine the 1967 landmark Supreme Court case of Loving v. Virginia. The Loving v. Virginia case touched on constitutional principles including equality, federalism, and liberty. Just over 30 years ago, it was a crime for interracial couples in Virginia to marry, or to live as husband and wife. Prior to the 1967 case of Loving v. VirginiaRead MoreThe Statutes Pave V. Alabama Loving V. Virginia Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: The Statutes- Pace v. Alabama Loving v. Virginia Ashlee R. Hall PAD 525: Constitution Administrative Law Dr. Lee January 29, 2012 Was there ever a period in history where interracial marriages and sex among people of different races was considered illegal? As absurd as this idea sounds, the answer is yes. Astonishingly, less than 40 years ago marrying someone of a different race was considered illegal. Black people could not be with white people- it justRead MoreRichard Loving, A White Man And Mildred Jeter913 Words   |  4 Pages1958, in the District of Columbia, Richard Loving, a white man and Mildred Jeter, a black woman was married. Shortly after the marriage the Loving’s returned to Virginia. Upon returning to Virginia the couple was charged with violating Virginia’s Anti-miscegenation Statue. That bans inter-racial marriages. The Loving’s were found guilty and sentenced to a year in jail but the judge offered to suspend their sentence if the Loving’s were to leave Virginia and not return for 25 years. ï‚› Racial integrityRead MoreLoving vs. The Commonwealth of Virginia: Significance in Marriage Law1174 Words   |  5 PagesLoving v. Virginia Significance in Marriage Law A case is said to be landmark when it produces a precedent that is regarded as law by jurists during other cases. These cases are seen as such, generally, because they change the direction of the people making the laws and sitting on the courts, and forge a new path for justice which is more often than not seen as a perfection of the law. One such case occurred in Loving v. The Commonwealth of Virginia in 1967. The original complaint was made inRead MoreEssay about Should Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? 1555 Words   |  7 Pagescountries, Mexico City, seven states in the US, and Washington DC, have made same-sex marriage legal (531). â€Å"Thus, 319 million people, or 5 percent of world population, live in jurisdictions that recognize same-sex marriage† (Chamie and Mirkin 531). In the US, 40 states have rulings prohibiting same-sex marriage where, in 29, the prohibitions are voter-backed blocking judges from overturning the legislation (Chamie and Mirkin 537). The statist ics confirm that â€Å"†¦ in the United States, the country remainsRead MoreThe Supreme Court and Civil Rights Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesand procedural guarantees in criminal and civil rights,† (Dawood). It was not until 1791, that the Bill of Rights was appended to the constitution, which helped clarify these rights to citizens. â€Å"Rights were eventually applied against actions of the state governments in a series of cases decide by the Supreme Court,† Dawood stated. In previous years (1790-1803), the Supreme Court had little say in decisions being made by government. As time went on the Supreme Court took on more responsibility and startedRead MoreLoving vs. Virgina783 Words   |  4 PagesLOVING v. VIRGINIA Can you imagine not being able to share your life with the person you love because of the color of your skin? Well, this was the case for those who resided in Virginia decades ago. Interracial marriages were not allowed in Virginia and sixteen other states due to the adoption of the Racial Integrity Act of 1924. The sole purpose of this act was to completely prohibit a white person marrying other than another white person. Marriage licenses were not issued until theRead MoreThe Case : Great Promise And Its Impact On The Future1269 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom minimal in the 1960’s to great in the catholic community. As they became a negative spokes voice for those of same-sex marriages. Despite the fact that both cases went in favor of the plaintiff the decision the United States v. Windsor was voted 5-4. While Lovings v. Virginia was voted unanimously in favor of the plaintiff. So, because of the verdict its outcome was present in society. For instance, after the legalization of interracial marriages there was most likely an effect of a conservativeRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1500 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One: Civil Liberties v. Civil Rights Linsey (Lins) Morgan - Student ID: 3104067 GOVT - 2305 - 71063 Northlake College Had I been born a mere 60 years earlier, I would likely be in jail. Before discussing the U.S. Supreme Court decision which has preserved my freedom, I would like to examine the nature of civil rights and civil liberties. Next, we will look at some of the historical context which would have found me jailed. Lastly, we will conclude by looking at the impact of the U.S. Supreme

Performance Enhancing Drugs - 791 Words

Performance enhancing drugs Using performance-enhancing drugs such as doping. Most of the athletes take PED’s so they can win a golden medal for their country. And they want fame. No any athlete shouldn’t take PED because no one knows the risks. The penalty for using performance enhancing drugs should be stricter because it can cause health risks, it’s cheating, an it’s legally, and world class athletes use it and still get away with it. The government should banned drugs so no any athlete shouldn’t cheat at all. Performance enhancing drugs can cause health risks which it takes the time to learn about the benefits, and health risks. Other drugs have different risks, benefits, and side effects. There is at least 7 different type of drugs. They all have different risks. The 7 kinds of drugs are anabolic steroids, Androstenedione, Human growth hormone, Erythropoietin, Diuretics, Creatine and Stimulants. The government should banned them because most of the athletes say it’s cheating and it’s not natural. PED makes you stronger and faster but they can also hurt you. Any substance taken to perform better athletically. This is reference often and typically refers to anabolic steroid use in sports by professional and amateur athletes. (Staff, 2010) Athlete performance enhancing drugs is considered cheating. World famous baseball player â€Å"Alex Rodriguez† was using PED. â€Å"PED are not natural,† â€Å"It’s cheating†.† It represents an unfair advantage to the other athletes. PED isShow MoreRelatedPerformance Enhancing Drugs. . Performance-Enhancing Drugs1580 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Performance-enhancing drugs (PED s) have been an issue for many decades now for the medical and sports field. Olympic and professional athletes have been using them to gain an upper hand on the competition, but some may ask if it s really worth it? Studies show that performance-enhancing drugs have been proven to negatively affect the health of athletes who take them. Simply put, performance-enhancing drugs could either improve athletic performance or can be extremelyRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Sport records are becoming harder   to break and seeing records are starting to become a thing of the past.. Players aren’t being able to hit these home runs or score long touchdown’s. Injured   players are getting kicked off the team or even quit because they can’t get to their peak performance that they were at before they got injured.   If more players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performanceRead MoreThe Prohibition Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1257 Words   |  6 PagesContinue the Prohibition of Performance Enhancing Drugs Sporting competitions either nationally or internationally have regulations to prohibit or inhibit the use of performance enhancing drugs (PED’s). There been a case for the lifting of these regulations to create sporting fair across all types of people. Craig Fry, an advocate for the use of performance enhancing drugs in elite sporting competitions and author of â€Å"Bring Truth into Play by Saying Yes to Drugs in Sport†, is an Australian healthRead More Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay1759 Words   |  8 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When most people think of performance-enhancing drugs the first thought that comes to their minds is the illegal ones like steroids, but today there are more non-illegal drugs like creatine and androstenedione for people today. Creatine is a chemical produced by the kidney and found in meat product. It helps muscles recover after a workout, which in turn helps athletes bulk up faster (Gregorian 5). Creatine is used by many of the nations top college sports teamsRead Moreâ€Å"Performance-Enhancing Drugs in the Workplace† Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Performance-Enhancing Drugs in the Workplace† Performance-enhancers are becoming more common in our everyday life, despite our efforts to ban them. This raises the questions, should we just accept these drugs and use them to our advantage? Or should we continue to resist these drugs and not take advantage of their performance-enhancing capabilities? When you start talking about organizations like the military, where Soldiers are ask to go beyond the normal physical and mental stress of a regularRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Professional Sports1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of performance enhancing drugs. The debate on whether or not performance enhancing substances should be allowed in professional sports has been going on for years, decades even. Many believe that using steroids and other performance enhancers should automatically disqualify an athlete from ever being able to be a member of the Hall of Fame, in sports in general, not just in Major League Baseball. However, there is an argument to be made to make the use of performance enhancing drugs legal inRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1364 Words   |  6 Pagesway. In this paper, the ethical dilemma of performance enhancing drugs being used in sports will be addressed and be given solution based on the Christian worldview. Ethical Dilemma This case involves Paul, who is a promising young athlete, who works hard and has a good spot on his team. He is constantly putting in training to get better and it has been paying off. He notices that some of his teammates have been trying out a new performance enhancing drug. It is not illegal, but it still improvesRead MoreSports and Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance enhancing drugs in todays pro sports have become a big deal, because of health stimulants and the benefits that such studies have on good development of the person and on fair athletic games. Pediatricians or trainers can play a huge role in helping the athlete or player that is using or taking performance enhancing drugs. By taking factual info about the true benefits and medical problems of these drugs and giving information about healthy food and working out. Tries to create a changeRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned1645 Words   |  7 Pagesrules by using performance enhancing drugs each year. Performance enhancing drugs help athletes to becomes bigger, faster, and overall better at their individual sport. This process is called doping. Doping can be defined as using drugs and various substances to better perform at a particular task. Furthermore, these athletes act in the moment and fail to see all aspects of these performance enhancing drugs. Contradictorily, some individuals argue that performance enhancing drugs should in fact beRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : Performance Enhancing Drugs1674 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas: Performance Enhancing Drugs Today’s society places high-performance athletes on a pedestal and our youth look to become the next superstar. The question plaguing young athletes is â€Å"how can I get there?†. Physical development must be considered for any athlete and this consequently introduces the topic of performance enhancing drugs. These substances can cause physical development to occur faster than the natural rate, making the athlete a step above â€Å"the rest†. Ethical, moral

Elderly Free Essays

Should elderly people be neglected? Recently, a report has stated, to many people’s amazement, as many as 30% elderly people live below the poverty line in Hong Kong. An increasing number of the elderly in the territory have received social security assistance from the government. In the absence of adequate savings and regular income, little difficulty is there in understanding why the elderly more rely on the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Elderly or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are some difficulties that the elderly have to come to grips with. One major obstacle is the financial burden that elderly people have to cope with. The elderly do not have regular income without working to maintain their rudimental needs of living, from food, clothing to dwelling. Moreover, after retirement, the protection is far from adequate, few elderly people are self-sufficient to take care themselves. The elderly who fail to care for themselves, as a result, have no choice but to cling to the government to receive assistance. Another principal barrier elderly people are facing, in addition to the financial burden, is poor family relationship. Most family members neglect the elderly, rarely do they talk with them, understand what they are thinking, and take into account the feelings of the elderly. Elderly people feel alone, they are left at home without any care from their family members. In some serious cases, the elderly do not have enough money to buy food when they are hungry, due to the apathetic attitude of family members toward them. What the government, families and community groups need to do in pursuit of better care of the elderly, and how. In the aspect of the government, it is of paramount importance to promote harmony family life, especially enhancing communication with the elderly. The government could encourage families holding family day or events with elderly, such as hiking, barbecue. On the other hand, the government should have some improvements of retirement protection, to ensure the elderly may rake care themselves after retirement, it is the first step to help elderly people to evacuate poverty. Family plays an important role on taking better care of the elderly. Few families can get along well with the elderly. In hopes of understanding the elderly thought and caring them, family members, however busy, should take little time to talk with the elderly every day such as sharing happiness, some amusing moments in that day. Moreover, family members should simply go home to have dinner with the elderly. Sometimes, if cannot do home for dinner, they may leave a memo asking after the elderly, just few words are enough. Also, families need to give adequate money to elderly people for their daily life. Community groups such as some non-government organizations also can pay efforts to improve taking care of elderly people. They can organize various types of family activities to encourage family members taking part in with the elderly. Apart from that, they can hold some distribution campaigns for the elderly, for instance, rice distribution, moon cake distribution and so on. To conclude, the elderly should not be separated from the society. The families have the responsibilities to take care them. The government and community groups also need to pay effort to help the elderly escape the poverty. How to cite Elderly, Essay examples

International Business Finance

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business Finance. Answer: Introduction The current report aims to evaluate the net present value of the provided firm, Zircon, if it receives the government contract. The value for the opposite scenario has also been computed, where the organisation has exercised hedging. The alternative strategy for the organisation has also been depicted along with explaining the uncertainty of future cash inflows. Finally, the report sheds light on conducting the risk assessment of the concerned project. Calculating the NPV of Zircon If Governments Contract is Received: Using the Hedging process Amount NPV with government contracts Development expenses (A) $ (300,000) 1 year Forward spot rate (0.12 * 5,000,000) (B) $ 600,000 Discounting cash flow (C) 0.8474576 PV of the Cash flow (D = B * C) $ 508,474.58 NPV (D - A) $ 208,474.58 Table 1: Showing the NPV valuation for Zircon with government contracts (Source: As created by the author) Table 1 mainly helps in depicting the overfill NPV, which might be generated by the company after receiving the government contracts. In addition, the positive NPV of $208,474.58 mainly indicates the overall viability of the project that might be adopted by Zircon. Arsov et al. (2013) mentioned that hedging are mainly used by companies to reduce their overall risk exposure from volatile currency market. Depicting the Scenario Where no Government Contract was Received and Zircon Hedged more than Needed: NPV without government contracts Development expenses (A) $ (300,000) 1 year Forward spot rate (0.12 * 3,000,000) (B) $ 360,000.00 Excess of Hedging Amount (0.12 * 2,000,000) (C) $ 240,000.00 Spot rate after 1 year (0.13 * 2,000,000) (D) $ 260,000.00 loss from hedging (E = D C) $ (20,000.00) Total cash flow (F = B + E) $ 340,000.00 Discounting cash flow (G) 0.8474576 PV of the Cash flow (H = F * G) $ 288,135.59 NPV (H - A) $ (11,864.41) Table 2: Showing the NPV valuation for Zircon without government contracts (Source: As created by the author) With the help of table 2, the overall NPV valuation of zircon could be identified as negative. In addition, if the company hedges and at the end of the year does not receive any government contracts and then Zircon might incur a loss from the project. Moreover, due to loss from excessive hedging Zircon negative NPV from the project, which in turn might hamper its net profitability. Dorfman and Harter (2013) argued that excessive hedging might negatively affect the overall future cash flows that might be generated from currency exchange. Considering an Alternative Strategy for Zircon: Using the Alternative Hedging strategy Amount Development expenses $ (300,000) 1 year Forward spot rate from Firms income (0.12 * 3,000,000) $ 360,000.00 Income from government at expected spot rate (0.13 * 2,000,000) $ 260,000.00 Total Income $ 620,000.00 Discounting cash flow 0.8474576 PV of the Cash flow $ 525,423.73 NPV $ 225,423.73 Table 3: Showing the alternative strategy for Zircon (Source: As created by the author) Table 3 mainly helps in depicting the overall alternative strategy for Zircon, which might help in generating the overall viability of the project. In addition, the overall hedging will only be conducted for the future cash flow received from firms and the government cash flows will be traded in spot rate. This method has mainly posed the best viable solution, which might help Zircon to make adequate profits from the project and have $225,423.73 NPV. In addition, if the government contract is not received during the year then also Zircon will have positive NPV of $5,084.75. Chen, Li and Reynolds (2012) stated that with the help of NPV method companies are able to compensative for the time value of money, which could be generated from a project. Depicting the Uncertainty of Future Cash Flows for Zircon: The main uncertainty that might be generated is from government contracts, which might be obtained at the end of the year. Chung, Park and Shin (2014) mentioned that international trade have uncertainty due to changing perspective of corporations and governments. However, there are other uncertainties, which might be surrounding the future cash flows of Zircon that are described as follows. The change in currency conversation rate might be different, which in turn might change the whole scenario. However, the forward rates mainly help in maintaining the profitability of the company, which might be generated from firm contracts. The other uncertainty could be generated from changing government policies or restrictions in currency conversion. This type of uncertainty might mainly reduce the overall profitability that might be generated from the project and nullify the hedging process. Zircons main cash flow is from firm contracts and government contracts are the added bonus, which might help the company to obtain higher NPV. Providing Viable Information Regarding the Risk Associated with the Project: The overall risk that might be surrounding the operation of Zircon is the change in exchange rate and accessibility of government contracts. In addition, after the effective evaluation of the scenario and the overall NPV calculation it could be suggested that the company might use alternative strategy for hedging their profits. In addition, the alternative strategy could help the company get a positive NPV of $5,084.75 from firm contracts. Moreover, if the company receives the government contract at the end of the next year then it could effectively use the current spot rate to covert the ARS in USD. This method might mainly help Zircon to reduce the overall risk exposure from over hedging and maintain the required level of profitability. Conclusion: According to the above discussion, it has been found that Zircon would be able to maximise its profitability position, if it receives the government contract in contrast to the opposite scenario. However, the alternative hedging strategy would be more beneficial to Zircon, as the NPV computed is higher compared to the receipt of the government contract. In addition, the major uncertainties confronting the cash inflows of Zircon in future include currency fluctuations and modifications in the government policies. Hence, it is recommended to Zircon to utilise the alternative streaky for hedging its profits. Reference and Bibliography: Annelies, B., Geerts, L., Oosterlee, L., Temmerman, S. and Meire, P., 2015, February. Ecosystem service delivery in restoration projects: temporal effect of ecological succession on the net present value of a tidal marsh restoration project (Schelde Estuary). InBOOK OF ABSTRACTS. Arsov, I., Moran, G., Shanahan, B. and Stacey, K., 2013. OTC Derivatives Reforms and the Australian Cross-currency Swap Market.RBA Bulletin, pp.55-64. Chen, C., Li, G. and Reynolds, A., 2012. Robust constrained optimization of short-and long-term net present value for closed-loop reservoir management.SPE Journal,17(03), pp.849-864. Chung, K., Park, H. and Shin, H.S., 2014. Mitigating systemic spillovers from currency hedging. InVolatile Capital Flows in Korea(pp. 217-244). Palgrave Macmillan US. Dorfman, J. and Harter, L.G., 2013. Foreign Currency Hedging in the Dodd-Frank Era-Emerging Tax Issues.Int'l Tax J.,39, p.5. Fernandez, E.S., Bergsma, E.J., de Miguel Mercader, F., Goetheer, E.L. and Vlugt, T.J., 2012. Optimisation of lean vapour compression (LVC) as an option for post-combustion CO 2 capture: Net present value maximisation.International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,11, pp.S114-S121. Ilzetzki, E., Mendoza, E.G. and Vgh, C.A., 2013. How big (small?) are fiscal multipliers?.Journal of Monetary Economics,60(2), pp.239-254. Lel, U., 2012. Currency hedging and corporate governance: a cross-country analysis.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.221-237. Leyman, P. and Vanhoucke, M., 2016. Capital-and resource-constrained project scheduling with net present value optimization.European Journal of Operational Research. Magee, S., 2013. Foreign currency hedging and firm value: A dynamic panel approach. InAdvances in Financial Risk Management(pp. 57-80). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Magee, S., 2013. Foreign currency hedging and firm value: A dynamic panel approach. InAdvances in Financial Risk Management(pp. 57-80). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Mogul, J.C., AuYoung, A., Banerjee, S., Popa, L., Lee, J., Mudigonda, J., Sharma, P. and Turner, Y., 2013, November. Corybantic: towards the modular composition of SDN control programs. InProceedings of the Twelfth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks(p. 1). ACM. Narkus-Kramer, M., Tejeda, J., Trajkov, S., Hemm, R., Creedon, J. and Ballard, D., 2016. Net Present Value, Trade-space, and Feasibility of On-Demand Aircraft. In16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference(p. 3302). Ohunakin, O.S., Oyewola, O.M. and Adaramola, M.S., 2013. Economic analysis of wind energy conversion systems using levelized cost of electricity and present value cost methods in Nigeria.International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering,4(1), pp.1-8. Rowley, D., 2013. Special super FX.Investment Magazine, (99), p.14. Shu, S.B., Zeithammer, R. and Payne, J.W., 2016. Consumer Preferences for Annuity Attributes: Beyond Net Present Value.Journal of Marketing Research,53(2), pp.240-262. White, C., Halpern, B.S. and Kappel, C.V., 2012. Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(12), pp.4696-4701. Wong, K.P., 2013. Cross hedging with currency forward contracts.Journal of Futures Markets,33(7), pp.653-674.